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History AD: Second Millennium

To fully understand what history has to offer, sometimes we need to take a couple of steps back to view its bigger picture. Perhaps, if we looked across the broad spectrum, we would realize that nothing happens by itself. No one gets ups one morning and says, "Hmm... I think I'll invent pottery or maybe even a religion today". History is where evolutionary development happens overtime.

The Common Era (CE) / Anno Domini (AD)

1000 - 1350

• High Middle Ages

1000

• Iceland officially converts to Christianity, although heathen practice is still permitted in private.
• Olafr Tryggvasson dies.
• Date of the Beowulf manuscript

1000 - 1005

• Leifr Eiriksson makes his voyage to Vinland (America) attempts to settle there and fails because of the opposition from the Skraelings (Native Americans)

1016

• Ard-Righ Brian Boru defeats Norse in Ireland at the battle of Clontarf; both Brian and Jarl Sigurdhr of Orkney are slain.

1016 - 1042

• Three Danish kings' reign in England: Cnut, followed by his sons Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut.

1030

• King Olaf the Saint is killed at Stiklestad.
• Haraldr Hardrada, King of Norway, is killed during an attempted invasion of England fighting against Harold Godwinsson, the English King.

1042 - 1066

• The old Wessex line of kings is restored with Edward the Confessor.

1051 - 1052

• Edward the Confessor may have met William of Normandy over the succession in England, according to one source and William may have received assurances from Edward that he would succeed to the throne, given that Edward himself had no heir.

1064

• Harold of England appears in the Bayeaux Tapestry to have traveled to Normandy at the bidding of Edward and there made an oath to William and received arms from him (thus suggesting that Harold at first recognized William's right to succession and then reneged, thereby provoking the Norman Invasion)

1066

• January 6: After considerable conflict over the succession Harold Godwinsson is crowned and reigns as Harold of England. The Bayeaux Tapestry depicts Halley's Comet making an appearance, which many took as a sign of marvelous events to come.
• September 25: Harold defeats a large force at Stamford Bridge led by Harold Hardrada (along with Harold of England's brother Tostig)
• September 27: William of Normandy sails for England
• October 1: Harold probably begins his 250 mile march south to meet William
• October 14: Harold Godwinsson is killed at Hastings by forces of Duke Williams (the Bastard) of Normandy.
• The Norman Conquest of England takes place
• The practice of "going Viking" ends.

 

• Post Heathen Period for Western Europe

1075

• Adam of Bremen writes Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum

1117 - 1118

• Grágás the Icelandic law code first written down.

1122

• Ari Thorgilsson writes Islendingabok

1175

• The first written version of the Nibelungenlied is created in Germany

1180

• Theodoricus Monachus writes Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium

1185 - 1223

• Saxo Grammaticus writes Gesta Danorum.

1200 - 1450

• The Icelandic sagas are written.

1200

• Ibn-Dihya writes his account of Al-Ghazal's embassy to the king of the Vikings in Ireland.
• Orkneyinga saga written by unknown Icelandic author
• Zen Buddhism (Ch'an) introduced - Japan

1220

• Snorri Sturluson writes the Prose Edda

1225

• Snorri Sturluson writes Heimskringla.

1226

• Tristams saga produced by translating the Tristan of Thomas Brittany per request of King Hakon Hakonarsson

1230

• Egils saga Skallagrimssonar written probably by Snorri Sturluson. Egill died some 240 year before this written work.

1233

• First Papal ordinance directly dealing with witchcraft - Bull by Pope Gregory IX (Ugolino, Count of Segni), to Conrad of Marburg, bidding him to proceed against the Luciferians. July 30^th of that year, Conrad of Marburg murdered will attending to his duties.

1245

• Laxdaela Saga written by unknown author

1250 - 1300

• Most of the poems of the Poetic Edda which had previously been circulating orally since the Migration Age or before are collected and written down in the Codex Regius, the oldest surviving manuscripts containing the Eddic poems.

1258

• Bull by Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo Conti) to Franciscan Inquisitors, bidding them refrain from judging any cases of witchcraft unless there was some very strong reason to suppose that heretical practice could also be amply proved.

1280

• Brenu-Njals Saga written by unknown author: this is written 269 years after the death of Njal.

1300

• Sturlunga saga a collection of historical sagas written by various Icelanders during the 1200's is compiled.

1350-1500

• Late Middle Ages

1350 - 1500

• Pre-reformers

1400

• Rosicrucianism (Master Kelpius, Johann Andrea)

1400 - 1650

• The Renaissance
• Voyages of Discovery.

1431

• Joan of Arc burned at the stake for being a heretic at Rouen

1435 - 1698

• Witch Burnings and Hangings

1453

• Constantinople is captured by the Ottoman Turks; Byzantine Empire Ends.

1459

• The horrors of Vlad the Impaler.

1473

• Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus refutes the geocentric theory of the universe

1484

• December 9 The Bull of Innocent VIII, decreeing Inquisitors Sprenger and Kramer, authors of the Malleus Maleficarum, rights "to be empowered to proceed to the just correction, imprisonment, and punishment of any persons, without let or hindrance, in every way as if the provinces, townships, dioceses, districts, territories, yea even the persons and their crimes in this kind were named and particularly designated in Our letters''

1485

• Inquistor of Como

1486

• Maximilian I, Emperor of Germany and King of the Romans signs papers in Brussels giving permission to Sprenger and Kramer to carry out their duties, and commanding cooperation with them.

1493- 1541

• Paracclsus. Physician who claimed that everything he learned came from an old witch.

1497

• John Cabot lands in North America.

1500 - 1800

• The Age of Chinese Dominion

1500 - 1900

• Unification of the Hemispheres

1500 - 1700

• The First Period of European Imperialism

1500 - 1555

• The Lutheran Reformation

1500 - 1565

• The Catholic Reformation
• Protestanism (Martin Luther,Calvin) circa 1515

1515 - 1588

• Johan Weyer, born in Brabant (Belgium). A German physician who believed that most witches were melancholy mentally disturbed old women, incapable of harm. Believed that the belief in witchcraft was caused by the devil. In 1563 he wrote De Praestigiis Daemonum. Was forced out of Netherlands by the Catholic Governor, Duke of Alba. His book was denounced by Jean Bodin.

1519 - 1598

• The Wars of Religion

1520 - 1560

• The Reformed Church

1520 - 1550

• The Radical Reformation

1521

• Ignatius Loyola writes his "Spiritual Exercises" publishes in 1548.

1530 - 1560

• The English Reformation

1530 - 1590

• Jean Bodin, a French judge. In 1580 writes De la Demonomanie des Sorciers. Claims that those who denied the existence of witches were themselves witches.

1530 - 1616

• Nicholas Remy a French lawyer fighting against witches. In 1595 writes Demonaltry and sites 128 cases.

1534

• Ignatius Loyola founds the Jesuit Order.

1536

• John Calvin publishes the first edition of the "Institutes of the Christian Religion."

1541

• John Calvin returns to Geneva.

1541

• John Knox begins Calvinist reform movement in Scotland.

1542

• Henry VIII's Parliament passes laws against the practice of witchcraft

1543

• Pope Paul III issues the index of prohibited books.

1543

• First Protestants are burned at the stake by the Spanish Inquisition.

1545 - 1564

• The Council of Trent.

1554

• The Catholic Church is flourishes in England under Mary I Queen of England.

1558

• John Knox publishes First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.

1559

• Elizabeth I signed several laws called the Religious Settlement. The Act of Supremacy reestablished the Church of England as the state church.
• Under the Religious Settlement, the Act of Uniformity approved and enforced the use of new prayer books.

1560

• Church of Scotland is founded.

1563

• The death penalty is introduced for following the ancient religion under Elizabeth I.

1566

• The Chelmesford witches:

1566 - 1625

• King James VI of Scotland a.k.a. James I of England reigns

1584

• publication of The Discoverie of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot , suggesting that maybe witches don't really exist.

1590 - 1591

• The North Berwick Witches.

1604 - 1611

• The blood secret of Countess Elizabeth Bathori of Transylvania

1607

• British establish a colony at Jamestown.

1608

• Publication of Compendium Maleficarum

1611

• The Basque Trials - an inquisitor named Antonio Salazar de Frias said that the men and women charged of the crime were under a form of mass hysteria and declared witches not harmful merely delusional

1650

• Tibetan Buddhism - Dalai Lama

1663 - 1728

• Cotton Mather defends the trials and execution in New England and in 1689 writes Memorable Providence Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions

1692

• The Salem Witchcraft Trials: 5 were hung on July 19 ; 5 more hung on September 22 and another 8 were executed plus one dog.

1700

• The Age of Enlightenment
• Freemasonry (Albert Mackey and Albert Pike)

1712 - 1830

• The First Industrial Revolution

1717

• Druid Circle of the Universal Bond founded by John Toland

1760

• Swedenborgism (Emmanuel Swedenborg)

1763

• Proclamation of 1763 restricts settlement west of the Appalachians.

1770

• The Boston Massacre.

1774

• Franz Mesmer specified his cure for some mental illness, originally called mesmerism and what we now know as hypnosis.

1776

• The Declaration of Independence.

1781

• Cornwalis surrenders at Yorktown.

1782

• Supposedly the last witch burned in Western Europe.

1784

• Shakers (Mother Ann Lee)

1789 - 1815

• French Revolution

1791

• The Bill of Rights is ratified.

1798 - 1815

• Napoleon Bonaparte

 

• Victorian Age

1803

• The Louisiana Purchase.

1808

• The African slave trade is ended.

1815 - 1848

• Revolutions of Liberal Nationalism

1823

• The Monroe Doctrine is proclaimed.

1830

• Mormons founder Joseph Smith
• Cambellites (Barton Stone, Thomas and Alexander Cambell)

1831

• Indians of the Southern states begin the Trail of Tears.

1838

• Tenrikyo (?)

1840 - 1845

• Millerites Second Day Adventist (William Miller)

1844

• Bahai founder Baha'u'llah also known as Abul Baha
• Christadelphianism founded by John Thomas

1845 - 1870

• Seventh Day Adventist (E.G. White)

1846 - 1848

• Mexican-American War.

1848

• Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California.
• Women's Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls NY
• Spiritualism (Kate and Margaret Fox)

1850 - 1920

• The New Imperialism

1859

• Charles Darwin published the On the Origin of Species, detailing his view of evolution and the theory of 'Survival of the fittest.'

1861

• The Civil War begins

1870

• Jehovah's Witnesses (Charles T. Russel)

1875

• Theosophical Society (H.P. Blavatsky and Henry Olcott)

1879

• Thomas Edison invents the electric light.
• Christian Science (Mary Baker Eddy)

1886

• The American Federation of Labor is founded.

1889 - 1924

• Unity School of Christianity (Myrtle Fillmore)

1890

• The Sherman Antitrust Act is passed.
• Anthroposophical Society (H.P. Blavatsky)

1900

• Rosicrucian Fellowship (Rudolf Steiner)
• Anthroposophical Society (Rudolf Steiner)different from Blavatsky's

1901

• Queen Victoria dies at the age of 81

1906

• Pentecostal Assembly of the World

1914

• Iglesia ni Cristo (Felix Manalo)
• Oneness Pentecostalism founders are Frank Ewart, G. Haywood, and Glenn Cook.

1915 - 1945

• Wolrd At War and Interwar Years

1917

• The United States enters World War One

1920

• Nineteenth Amendment grants women suffrage.
• Joan of Arc declared a saint

1921

• Margaret Murray published The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.

1927

• Mind Scienc (Ernest Holmes)

1929

• The Great Depression begins.

1930

• Black Muslims - Nation of Islam (Wallace D. Fard)

1934

• World Wide Church of God (Herbert W. Armstrong)

1935

• Self Realization Fellowship (Paramahansa Yogananda)

1941

• The Japanese navy attacks Pearl Harbor.

1944

• Silva Mind control (Jose Silva)

1945

• United Pentecostal International based on the original 1914 church. (Howard Goss and W.T. Witherspoon)
• The Way (Victor P. Wierwille)

-

• The Modern World

1948

• Latter Rain (Franklin Hall and George Warnock)

1950

• The Korean War begins.

1954

• Last of the anti-witch laws repealed in Britain
• Gerald Brosseau Gardner publishes Witchcraft Today and sparks the new religion of Wicca
• Atherius Society - a society about UFO's founded by Dr. George King.
• Unification Church (Sun Myung Moon)

1955

• Urantia Book (Dr. Bill Sadler)
• Scientology by L. Ron Hubbard

1956

• Montgomery Bus Boycott.

1958

• United Arab Republic is formed
• From 1958-1970 the Church Universal and Triumphant
• Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research Henry Kinley)

1959

• Unitariarian Universalist
• Gardner publishes The Meaning of Witchcraft, in which he first uses the term Wicca.

1960

• Enkankar founded by Paul Twitchell
• Transcendental Meditation founded by Maharishi mahesh Yogi

1964

• The Palestine Liberation Organization is formed.

1964

• Civil Rights Act.

1965

• President Johnson begins escalation of US role in Vietnamese Civil War.
• Medicare Act.
• Clean Air Act.
• Assembly of Yahweh founded by Jacob Meyer

1965 - 1967

• Riots in black ghettos

1966

• National Organization for Women (NOW) is founded.
• Church of Satan founded by Anton La Vey

1968

• Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated.
• Hare Krishna U.S. Division (Swami Prabhupada)
• Children of God (David Berg)

1969

• Humans land on the Moon.

1970

• The Internet was formed although at the time it was a military network called ARPA net
• Findhorn founded by Mr.& Mrs. Caddy and David Spangler
• Divine Light Mission founded by Guru Maharaj Ji

1971

• First Microprocessor the 4004

1972

• US withdraws from Vietnam.

1972

• Covenant of the Goddess is formed

1973

• The Roe vs. Wade Case in the U.S.

1974

• Assemblies of Yahweh founded by Sam Suratt

1976

• Voyager space craft lands on Mars

1979

• Church of Christ International founded by K. McKean

1980

• The House of Yahweh religion founded by Jacob Hawkins
• The Tara Center founded by Benjamin Creme

1982

• The TCP/IP Protocol established and the "Internet" is formed as a connected set of networks using TCP/IP.

1984

• DNS (Domain Name Server) introduced to the Internet which then consisted of about 1000 hosts.

1985

• Wicca recognized as a legal religion by the United States and the military. Dettmer v.Landon 617 F. Supposition 592

1989

• World Wide Web invented

1989

• The Fall of the Berlin Wall; and the Cold War ends

1993

• Commercial providers are allowed to sell internet connections to individuals.
• Pagan web-sites skyrocket

2000

• Goddess 2000 project; January 1 2000

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Edited: 2011.05.01
© 1999-2011 Hypatia Hyland